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Ad hominem Latin for to the man or to the person1, short for argumentum ad hominem, is an argumentative strategy whereby an argument is rebutted by attacking the character, motive, or other attribute of the person making the argument, or persons associated with the argument, rather than attacking the substance of the argument itself. However, its original meaning was an argument calculated to appeal to the person addressed more than to impartial reason. Fallacious ad hominem reasoning is categorized as an informal fallacy,456 more precisely as a genetic fallacy, a subcategory of fallacies of irrelevance. However, in some cases, ad hominem attacks can be non fallacious i. For example, if the truth of the argument relies on the truthfulness of the person making the argumentrather than known factsthen pointing out that the person has previously lied is not a fallacious argument. Tu quoqueeditAd hominem tu quoque literally You also refers to a claim that the source making the argument has spoken or acted in a way inconsistent with the argument. In particular, if Source A criticizes the actions of Source B, a tu quoque response is that Source A has acted in the same way. Microsoft-Word.jpg' alt='Contoh Poster Di Microsoft Word' title='Contoh Poster Di Microsoft Word' />This argument is false because it does not disprove the premise if the premise is true then Source A may be a hypocrite, but this does not make the statement less credible from a logical perspective. Indeed, Source A may be in a position to provide personal testimony to support the argument. For example, a father may tell his son not to start smoking as he will regret it when he is older, and the son may point out that his father is or was a smoker. This does not alter the fact that his son may regret smoking when he is older. CircumstantialeditCircumstantial ad hominem points out that someone is in circumstances such that they are disposed to take a particular position. It constitutes an attack on the bias of a source. This is fallacious because a disposition to make a certain argument does not make the argument false this overlaps with the genetic fallacy an argument that a claim is incorrect due to its source. The circumstantial fallacy does not apply where the source is taking a position by using a logical argument based solely on premises that are generally accepted. Where the source seeks to convince an audience of the truth of a premise by a claim of authority or by personal observation, observation of their circumstances may reduce the evidentiary weight of the claims, sometimes to zero. Examples Mandy Rice Daviess famous testimony during the Profumo Affair, He would say that, wouldnt he, is an example of a valid circumstantial argument. Her point was that a man in a prominent position, accused of an affair with a callgirl, would deny the claim whether it was true or false. His denial, in itself, provides little evidence against the claim of an affair. However, this argument is valid only insofar as it devalues the denial it does not strengthen the original claim. To construe invalid evidence of the denial as valid evidence of the original claim is fallacious on several different bases, including that of argumentum ad hominem and appeal to emotions however likely the man in question would be to deny an affair that did in fact happen, he is even more likely to deny an affair that never happened. For example, inferring guilt from a denial  or, less starkly, excessive devaluation of a denial  is a very common feature in conspiracy theories, witch hunts, show trials, struggle sessions, and other coercive circumstances in which the person targeted is presumed guilty. Glassner suggests that Bennett is somehow unqualified to criticize rap music because of positions Bennett has taken on other issues. However wrong Bennett may have been on other issues, such as the funding of public television or illegitimacy, that does not mean that his criticisms of rap were mistaken. Guilt by associationeditGuilt by association can sometimes also be a type of ad hominem fallacy if the argument attacks a source because of the similarity between the views of someone making an argument and other proponents of the argument. This form of the argument is as follows Source S makes claim C. Group G, which is currently viewed negatively by the recipient, also makes claim C. Therefore, source S is viewed by the recipient of the claim as associated to the group G and inherits how negatively viewed it is. An example of this fallacy could be My opponent for office just received an endorsement from the Puppy Haters Association. Is that the sort of person you would want to vote forNon fallacious reasoningeditWhen a statement is challenged by making an ad hominem attack on its author, it is important to draw a distinction between whether the statement in question was an argument or a statement of fact testimony. In the latter case the issues of the credibility of the person making the statement may be crucial. Criticism as a fallacyeditDoug Walton, Canadian academic and author, has argued that ad hominem reasoning is not always fallacious, and that in some instances, questions of personal conduct, character, motives, etc., are legitimate and relevant to the issue,9 as when it directly involves hypocrisy, or actions contradicting the subjects words. The philosopher Charles Taylor has argued that ad hominem reasoning discussing facts about the speaker or author relative to the value of his statements is essential to understanding certain moral issues due to the connection between individual persons and morality or moral claims, and contrasts this sort of reasoning with the apodictic reasoning involving facts beyond dispute or clearly established of philosophical naturalism. See alsoeditReferenceseditAd hominem. Merriam Webster. Merriam Webster, Incorporated. Retrieved 1. 9 February 2. Dr. Michael C. Labossiere 2. Fallacies Ad HominemPDF. Retrieved 2. 01. 3 1. The Battle For Middle Earth 2 Trainer Free Download. Fowler, H. W. 1. A Dictionary of Modern English Usage under Technical TermsWalton, Douglas 2. Informal Logic A Pragmatic Approach. Cambridge University Press. Bowell, Tracy Kemp, Gary 2. Download Nsf Iso Registration Companies on this page. Critical Thinking A Concise Guide. Abingdon, Oxon Routledge. ISBN 0 4. 15 4. Copi, Irving M. Informal Logic. Macmillan. La Liga 13 9. ISBN 0 0. 2 3. 24. Walton, Douglas 1. Ad Hominem Arguments. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0 8. 17. 3 0. Curtis, Gary N. Argumentum ad Hominem. Fallacy Files. Archived from the original on 2. September 2. 00. 7. Retrieved 2. 00. 7 0. Walton, Douglas 2. Informal Logic A Pragmatic Approach. Cambridge University Press. Taylor, Charles 1. Explanation and Practical Reason. Philosophical Arguments. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9. 78. 06. 74. Further readingeditHurley, Patrick 2. A Concise Introduction to Logic 7th ed. Wadsworth. pp.  1. ISBN 0 5. 34 5. Copi, Irving M. Cohen, Carl. Introduction to Logic 8th ed. Walton, Douglas 1. Ad Hominem Arguments. Tuscaloosa University Alabama Press. External linksedit.